Nigeria’s capital crisis: Why entrepreneurs must lead recovery

Nigeria’s economy stands at a dangerous crossroads. Inflation has crossed painful thresholds, the naira continues to lose value, and the cost of doing business has never been higher. Yet, beneath all these symptoms lies a deeper disease — the dearth of capital. The shortage of accessible and affordable financing is suffocating businesses, stalling growth, and prolonging the country’s economic downturn.
Entrepreneurs across the country are feeling the squeeze. From small manufacturers in Aba and Kano to tech founders in Lagos and agripreneurs in Benue, the refrain is the same: capital has dried up. Bank loans are either unavailable or unaffordable, with interest rates now hovering above 25 percent. The Central Bank’s tightening stance, though aimed at curbing inflation, has made credit even more expensive for the real sector.
For a nation whose economy depends heavily on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this capital drought is dangerous. SMEs contribute nearly half of Nigeria’s GDP and employ over 80 percent of the workforce. When they struggle to access credit, the entire economy slows. The consequence is visible in factory closures, job losses, and rising poverty.
Why capital is drying up can easily be understood. Several factors explain this capital scarcity. The first is macroeconomic instability. The persistent depreciation of the naira has scared off foreign investors, while rising inflation has eroded the real value of returns on investment. Investors, both local and foreign, are choosing safety over risk.
Second, fiscal pressures are worsening. The federal government now spends over 90 percent of its revenue servicing debt. With little left for infrastructure or productive investment, the government has become a borrower itself, crowding out the private sector. Banks prefer lending to the government through treasury bills and bonds rather than to businesses that face operational uncertainties.
Third, the policy environment has not been supportive enough. Frequent policy reversals, weak enforcement, and regulatory uncertainty discourage long-term investment. The foreign exchange regime, though partially liberalised, still struggles to attract steady inflows. The result is a fragile investment climate where capital looks elsewhere.
This is a wake-up call for entrepreneurs who must do everything possible to sustain their enterprises despite the harsh operating conditions. But Nigeria’s entrepreneurs cannot afford to wait for perfect conditions. The economy will not recover through wishful thinking or government intervention alone. Entrepreneurs must lead the recovery by rethinking how they mobilise and manage capital. This begins with innovation. The traditional dependence on bank loans is no longer sustainable. Entrepreneurs need to explore alternative financing models that are already gaining traction globally: Equity partnerships and cooperatives, which allow entrepreneurs to pool resources and share risks is now an option worth exploring. Crowdfunding platforms that connect local ventures to the diaspora and international supporters are beginning to gain recognition and popularity. Impact and blended finance, which combines social investment with profit-driven goals, will fill some funding opportunity gaps.
Digital finance and fintech solutions, which can provide microloans, lease financing, and peer-to-peer credit at lower transaction costs have a lot of prospects. In addition, businesses must strengthen their internal credibility. Poor record-keeping, lack of transparency, and weak governance have kept many promising enterprises locked out of funding opportunities. Investors, whether domestic or foreign, look first for trust and accountability. A clean audit trail and clear business plan can often open doors that even collateral cannot.
The government must take some practical steps to ease the situation and provide impactful solutions. While entrepreneurs must innovate, the government cannot remain passive. It must create the enabling environment that allows capital to flow freely. Three reforms are urgent. The first thing is to restore macroeconomic confidence. A stable exchange rate, predictable fiscal policy, and credible inflation control measures will attract investment back into the economy.
Secondly, the government needs to unlock domestic capital pools. Nigeria’s pension and insurance funds, which hold trillions of naira, remain largely confined to government securities. With the right safeguards, a portion of these funds should support productive investments in housing, agriculture, renewable energy, and manufacturing. Thirdly, strengthening of capital markets and regulatory frameworks to encourage long-term financing becomes an imperative. The Nigerian capital market remains shallow compared to its peers elsewhere globally. A more transparent, technology-driven market can help channel savings into productive ventures and reduce dependence on foreign loans.
The road ahead remains one of critical importance for those who will be compelled to travel on it. Above all, authorities have a lot of work to do. Investors, employees, suppliers, manufacturers, logistics services and many more will have to brace for the challenges ahead. The dearth of capital is not just an economic problem; it is a leadership test. It challenges Nigeria’s policymakers to act boldly and entrepreneurs to think differently. The truth is, capital goes where it is welcomed, protected, and rewarded. Until Nigeria builds a trustworthy environment for investment, money — both foreign and local — will continue to flee.
Still, within the crisis lies enormous opportunities. History shows that some of the most resilient businesses are born in hard times. Nigerian entrepreneurs, known for their creativity and grit, can turn adversity into innovation. By embracing new financing models, improving corporate governance, and forging stronger partnerships, they can position themselves not merely to survive the downturn but to lead the recovery.
Nigeria’s economic revival will not be written by government budgets or external aid; it will be driven by entrepreneurs who refuse to be defeated by scarcity. If capital is the lifeblood of the economy, then confidence and creativity are its heartbeat. Rebuilding both is the only way forward.