Sustainable transportation and case for alternative fuel for vehicles
The Nigerian economy has borne the huge burden of subsidy payments on petroleum products. Massive importation of light petroleum products (petrol, diesel, and kerosene) continues unabated because the national refineries are working sub-optimally and new ones are yet to be constructed. Recently, government announced its plan to privatize the old and mismanaged refineries, which was greeted with relief except for oil industry unions who believe that they will bear the brunt of this exercise unless proper negotiations are made to protect their interest. Currently, all plans to privatize the refineries have been shelved in favor of rehabilitation.
Pragmatic reasoning still suggests that the refineries should be privatized, and there are various models that could be adopted for this. However, I do not think that the preferred model is outright sale of the refineries, because the exercise is very likely to translate from public sector (government) monopoly of refineries to private sector monopoly.
A private sector monopoly of refineries without an alternative fuel for our vehicles is absolutely dangerous because nearly 200 million Nigerians are locked into the petrol / diesel ‘captive’ market and will be at the mercy of the directors of the privatized refineries. You cannot pack (in your garage) a jeep you bought with millions of Naira, just because the price of petrol has increased from N145 to N300 per liter. Outright sale of the refineries is also far more dangerous in terms of its political and national security implications.
Now, where does this lead us in our search for solutions towards achieving self-sufficiency in availability of petroleum fuels? Addressing this critical challenge would require increasing capacity for production of petroleum products (supply- side solutions) and / or reducing the demand for petroleum products, particularly petrol and diesel (demand- side solutions).
The supply-side factors, in the case of our indigenous downstream petroleum sector, tend to be more critical. The critical supply factors to be considered are improvements in the efficiency of domestic supplies; liberalization of product supplies; brownfield refinery expansion (i.e. expansion of existing refineries); and greenfield refinery development (i.e. new refineries construction). Loosening up all supply-side constraints can only be achieved when existing refineries are repaired, privatized and expanded; and new refineries constructed (both private and PPP-based refineries).
Conversely, demand-side factors such as products substitution with bio-fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG) etc; improvements in the power sector; and the use of more fuel- efficient vehicles are also important but progress in these directions may not keep pace with the urgency required to attain self-sufficiency in supplies. So most industry analysts think!
Now that government has increased the price of petrol from N86.50 to N145.00, and there is nothing in the horizon to suggest that new mega- refineries are being built or small and medium scale -private refineries are being commissioned, it would seem that introduction of alternative fuels for vehicles (natural gas vehicles, NGVs) is inevitable. The objective should be to integrate fuel substitution with projected refinery supply volumes after the turn-around maintenance of existing refineries have been completed. Some may cite the 650,000 bpd refinery being constructed by Dangote and associates, but it is an export-based refinery and located in Lekki Free Trade Zone and facing the Atlantic Ocean.
According to an industry expert and practitioner, Dr Emeka Ene (Chairman, Energia Oil Company), the introduction of compressed natural gas (CNG) fuels for public transportation and government/company vehicle fleets is a “low hanging fruit” and clearly represent a “quick-win”.
What is this alternative fuel about, how will it impact Nigerians positively, what are the constraints, which countries have developed the use of NGVs, and how should government and private investors go about its introduction?
Alternative fuels have a role to play in the demand mix for petroleum products, especially in public transportation. According to an IEA-OECD study carried out by Michael Nijboer on “The Global Use of Natural Gas- Driven Vehicles (NGVs)”, natural gas has been more competitive when compared to gasoline in regard to transmission and distribution grids, and public transportation. According to the report, there is an opportunity for simultaneous gas market development and boosting of a country’s NGV market share.
CNG is produced by compressing natural gas with gas compressors to less than 1% of its volume, and then stored / distributed in hard steel containers (with cylindrical or spherical shapes) at a pressure of 200-248 bar. The cylinders are then fitted into traditional petrol or diesel-run vehicles that have either been modified or manufactured for CNG use. CNG can also be used in conjunction with another fuel, e.g. diesel or petrol (bi-fuel vehicles). NGVs are becoming popular around the world, in response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns.
Benefits
The use of CNG, as a ‘greener fuel’ has numerous benefits. It is more environmentally efficient for motorists and the general public. CNG emits significantly fewer air pollutants (i.e. carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, etc) than petrol/diesel. CNG is lead-free, thereby eliminating fouling of spark plugs. It mixes evenly and easily in air, being a gaseous fuel. CNG is less likely to ignite on hot surfaces because it has a narrow range of flammability (5-15%) and a high auto-ignition temperature (540 degrees centigrade). This is contrary to the safety issues that come to mind when motorists are persuaded to convert to the use of CNG gas cylinders. CNG fuel systems are specially sealed, thus preventing fuel losses from evaporation and spills. CNG vehicles have lower maintenance costs than petrol / diesel-powered vehicles. The pricing of natural gas driven vehicles is significantly lower than comparable petrol/diesel driven vehicles.
Introducing NGVs eventually would mitigate fuel subsidies and facilitate a full deregulation of the downstream petroleum industry in Nigeria. Its impact on reducing demand for petrol and diesel could be immediate and measurable. It would provide a cheaper and cleaner alternative fuel to motorists and remove them from the current ‘captive’ petrol/diesel market into which every motorist is locked-in. It will promote investment in natural gas production, CNG fuel stations, CNG production plants, CNG conversion centers, and CNG conversion kits thereby creating employment for millions of unemployed citizens.
It is an established fact that the prices of petroleum products affect the prices of all consumer goods and services in the long run. Therefore, the introduction of a cheaper alternative fuel for public transportation and for transportation of consumer goods will lower prices of all goods and services in the long run. Also, alternative fuel transportation infrastructure could be established within a shorter timeframe (9-12 months) compared to even the smallest refinery project.
Global Adopters of NGVs
The global NGV fleets as at 2018 is roughly 26 million vehicles and 31,000 Natural Gas Fuelling Stations, led by CHINA with 23.2% market share, IRAN (17.2%), INDIA (11.8%), PAKISTAN (11.5%), ARGENTINA (8.4%), BRAZIL (7.1%), ITALY (3.8%), UZBEKISTAN (3.1%), COLOMBIA (2.2%), and THAILAND (1.8%), etc. Among the auto manufacturers of bi-fuel cars are Toyota, Honda, Peugeot, Volkswagen, General Motors, etc.
IRAN currently has the world’s second largest natural gas reserves, after Russia, and is now the world second leader in NGVs. It is highly advisable that Nigeria, being one of the top natural gas reserve powers, with a huge population and high unemployment level should follow IRAN’s example in this respect. The same argument applies to all other OPEC countries.
Constraints
The cost of CNG fuel storage tanks and its placement in a vehicle are the major constraints to a wider and rapid adoption of CNG as a fuel. This accounts for why the early adopters were usually government ministries and departments, public transportation vehicles, private companies / corporation fleets, etc. The government bodies and companies can quickly amortize their investment in vehicle conversions. However, the experience of countries that have adopted NGVs is that the average cost of CNG storage tanks tends to reduce progressively as more vehicles are converted (i.e. economies of scale).
Role of Government
In all the countries that have developed the use of CNG as alternative fuel, government was the first adopter of the idea. Therefore, the Nigerian Government needs to develop an integrated policy document for CNG- driven vehicles, and simplify / accelerate the process for private investment in NGV fuel stations, natural gas gathering and compression centers, and vehicle conversion centers by providing incentives.
The Ministry of Petroleum Resources (MPR) and Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) have lead roles to play here. It is the responsibility of these government agencies to develop government policies, guidelines, and incentives on alternative fuels and fleet purchase. Subsequently, the MPR should rapidly escalate the policy document to the Federal Executive Council (FEC) for adoption and approval. This move would deliver unequivocal message to the citizens of this country about government’s responsiveness to their needs. It will also stimulate private sector investment in alternative fuels for public transportation. This should generate huge positive public reaction and fiercely boost the ratings of any administration!
Government incentives would include mandatory purchase of NGVs by government ministries, agencies, and departments at national, state and local government levels. This should also include conversion of existing government vehicle fleets to CNG alternative. Government could design excise concessions or waivers on CNG conversion kits, CNG delivery trucks, and equipment for constructing CNG fuelling stations. Tax credits could be extended to gas- gathering and compression companies for the purpose of delivering CNG for transportation.
Role of the Private Sector
On the basis of a clear government policy on CNG vehicles and requisite incentives, the private sector can develop “GREEN HIGHWAYS” driven by dual-fuel technology to interconnect public transportation between major cities. A Green Highway entails establishing alternative fuel ‘refueling stations’ along specific public transport routes to boost adoption of alternative fuels.
Green highways, funded by the private sector, can initially be established along four routes namely:
ROUTE 1 (LAGOS – ORE – BENIN – ONITSHA – OWERRI – ABA);
ROUTE 2 (WARRI – MBIAMA – PORT HARCOURT – UYO – CALABAR); ROUTE 3 (ENUGU – MAKURDI – ABUJA);
ROUTE 4 (ABUJA – KADUNA – JOS – KANO).
Subsequently, these routes could facilitate further CNG network development and expansion into other cities as the penetration of NGVs for public transportation gains traction.
The managing director of Total Suport Energy, Ubani Nkaginieme, an engineer, who owns a natural gas compression plant in Port- Harcourt, is of the opinion that it is possible to convert 0.5 million vehicles to dual-fuel (i.e. gas and petrol) within 3-9 months, and an additional 1 million vehicles in 4-24 months. He further stated that it is possible to deliver a CNG infrastructure within 6-12 months. Therefore, the deliverables are clear and the timeframe relatively short!
This proposal is without prejudice to the role of government in encouraging other investments in the natural gas value chain, which includes expanding LNG exports and gas-fired power generation, construction of Gas-to-Liquid (GTLs) plants, conversion of natural gas to methanol, petrochemicals, fertilizers, and gas supplies to the usual industrial and domestic users.