Financing Food Security Will Yield High Returns

Gelsomina Vigliotti and Maurizio Martina
Gelsomina Vigliotti is Vice President of the European Investment Bank. Maurizio Martina is Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

LUXEMBOURG/ROME – Although enough food is produced to feed the global population, hunger and malnutrition due to conflict, poverty, economic slowdowns, and climate change still threaten millions of lives. In 2023, around 2.3 billion people faced moderate or severe food insecurity and more than 730 million people suffered from hunger, with undernutrition linked to almost one-half of deaths of children under age five.

Beyond the profound human toll, hunger costs developing countries billions of dollars in lost productivity and consumption. With such staggering costs, food insecurity is at the top of the agenda at this week’s World Food Forum in Rome.

We urgently must address the roots of hunger and malnutrition, and one of the most effective ways to do that is to invest in making our agrifood systems more efficient, fair, and sustainable. That means improving the infrastructure and services that help farmers access markets; mobilizing investments to enhance storage and port facilities, irrigation systems, and other sources of productivity; and expanding the use of climate-conscious production techniques. Each would have a huge impact on food security, both now and in the future.

But every component of this agenda requires more financing. According to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World, a regular report produced by the five leading UN agencies working on this issue, trillions of dollars are needed to end hunger and malnutrition. Given the complex links between hunger, poverty, and development, the latest report calls for a more efficient use of innovative financing tools such as green or social bonds, and for reforming how we finance food security more broadly. We must do more to ensure that marginalized groups – such as women, indigenous peoples, and small-scale farmers and agribusinesses – have access to finance.

The European Investment Bank, the bank of the European Union, has deep experience in financing investments all the way down the agriculture and bioeconomy value chain. Each year, it lends about €5 billion ($5.5 billion) to the sector globally.

For example, the EIB recently invested in infrastructure in Tunisia to strengthen food-storage systems and mitigate the risk of cereal shortages triggered by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. It works with local banks to support smallholder farmers and provide microfinance in countries such as Uganda. It has deployed risk-sharing facilities in Malawi and Zambia, and provided guarantees to financial institutions that lend to companies sourcing raw materials from smallholders. And it is supporting a social enterprise in Madagascar that will help promote environmental sustainability and food security, while ensuring that farmers get decent incomes.

The problem is that countries with the highest levels of food insecurity often have the hardest time accessing financing. Among the biggest obstacles are high transaction costs, fragmented agriculture markets, insecure land rights, poor administrative capacity, weak governance, and political instability.

One of the keys to overcoming these hurdles is to pursue stronger international partnerships. That is why the EIB, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and other international organizations are working together closely to promote food security, environmental sustainability, and climate resilience. By pooling resources and experience, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, we can overcome the chronic financing challenges.

For example, by drawing on the expertise and convening power of FAO, we can provide more funding for agrifood and bioeconomy activities. In 2023 alone, the FAO Investment Centre helped mobilize $6.6 billion in new investment by designing 38 public investment projects backed by financing partners in 26 countries. And this came on top of implementation support to ongoing projects, representing a total of around $46.7 billion.

But scaling up such financing requires the right kind of tools, not least financial products that reduce risk for the private sector. For example, blended finance – which combines public and private funds – and innovative financing mechanisms like climate bonds can make these investments more attractive to capital that is still sitting on the sidelines.

Feeding the world is not just a moral responsibility; it is a strategic imperative. Hunger is an immediate global crisis that demands massive investments. Fortunately, the potential rewards are well worth it. Sustainable agrifood systems do far more than simply reduce poverty and hunger. They also create jobs, promote economic growth, reduce gender inequality, improve health, and build stronger communities. The return is enormous, and the cost of doing nothing is even greater.

Gelsomina Vigliotti is Vice President of the European Investment Bank. Maurizio Martina is Deputy Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.