Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) remain the backbone of Nigeria’s economy, accounting for the majority of employment, business formation, and non-oil economic activity. As Nigeria looks toward 2026 and beyond, SMEs are expected to play an even more critical role in economic diversification, financial inclusion, food security, and technological innovation. However, despite their importance, SMEs continue to face deep-seated challenges along the financial value chain, from capital formation and access to finance, to payments, risk management and long-term investment. The financial value chain encompasses all financial interactions that support business growth which are savings, credit, payments, insurance, investment and capital markets. For Nigerian SMEs, weaknesses at any point in this chain can severely limit growth and sustainability. Unfortunately, multiple structural, institutional, and macroeconomic barriers persist.
The most significant challenge facing SMEs in Nigeria remains limited access to affordable and appropriate financing. While banks dominate Nigeria’s financial system, their lending appetite for SMEs remains weak. Retail banks typically perceive SMEs as high-risk borrowers due to limited credit history, weak governance structures, and high default probabilities. Interest rates remain prohibitively high, often exceeding levels that SMEs can sustainably absorb. Short-term, high-cost loans dominate the market, while long-term financing which is essential for asset acquisition, expansion, and productivity enhancement remains scarce. For many SMEs, the choice is either expensive debt that erodes profitability or no formal credit at all. Collateral requirements further compound the problem. Most SMEs lack acceptable collateral such as titled land or fixed assets, effectively excluding them from traditional lending channels. As a result, many businesses rely on personal savings, family contributions, cooperatives or informal lenders, which limits scale and resilience.
Beyond access, the quality of financial intermediation remains a challenge. Nigeria’s credit infrastructure, though improving, is still insufficiently inclusive for SMEs. Credit bureaus largely depend on formal financial data, excluding informal and semi-formal enterprises that dominate the SME landscape. Many SMEs lack verifiable financial records, audited statements, or digital transaction histories. This data gap makes accurate risk assessment difficult and reinforces banks’ conservative lending behaviour. While fintech innovations promise alternative credit scoring using transaction data and behavioural analytics, adoption remains uneven and regulatory clarity is still evolving. Without reliable credit information systems that capture SME realities, lenders struggle to price risk accurately, and SMEs struggle to build credit reputations.
A critical but often underemphasised challenge lies within SMEs themselves. Financial literacy levels among SME owners remain low, particularly in areas such as bookkeeping, cash-flow management, budgeting, tax compliance, and financial planning. Poor internal financial management weakens loan applications, increases default risk, and limits the ability of SMEs to engage with more sophisticated financial products such as leasing, supply-chain finance, or equity investment. Many SMEs fail not because of lack of demand, but due to poor financial discipline and planning. As Nigeria’s financial ecosystem becomes more complex, SMEs without strong internal capacity risk being left behind, unable to navigate digital finance platforms, compliance requirements, or investor expectations.
Nigeria’s financial value chain for SMEs remains fragmented. While progress has been made in digital payments and mobile banking, linkages between payments, credit, insurance, and investment remain weak. Many SMEs can accept digital payments but cannot leverage transaction histories to access credit. Insurance penetration among SMEs remains extremely low, exposing businesses to shocks such as theft, fire, climate events, and health emergencies. Without risk-mitigation tools, financial shocks often push SMEs into distress or closure. Supply-chain finance which allows SMEs to access funding based on confirmed invoices or buyer relationships remains underdeveloped. This limits SMEs’ ability to participate competitively in large value chains, including agribusiness, manufacturing, and trade.
Macroeconomic instability continues to undermine SME financing. Inflation, exchange-rate volatility, and high monetary policy rates increase the cost of capital and reduce lenders’ willingness to extend credit. SMEs dependent on imported inputs face rising costs, squeezed margins, and unpredictable pricing environments. Policy inconsistency further complicates planning. Frequent changes in fiscal rules, tax policies, foreign exchange regimes, and regulatory requirements create uncertainty that discourages long-term investment by both SMEs and financiers. For small businesses with limited buffers, policy shocks can be devastating. While government intervention funds exist, access is often constrained by bureaucracy, political influence, weak transparency, and slow disbursement processes.
A significant proportion of Nigerian SMEs operate informally, without business registration, tax identification, or separate business accounts. While informality may reduce short-term compliance costs, it severely limits access to formal financial services. Banks, investors and development finance institutions typically require formal documentation and governance structures. Informal SMEs therefore remain trapped in a cycle of exclusion, unable to scale or access cheaper capital. Efforts to promote formalisation often fail to adequately address the underlying cost, trust and capacity barriers faced by small businesses.
Digital finance is widely viewed as a solution to SME financial inclusion, but infrastructure gaps remain a major constraint. Erratic power supply, limited broadband access in rural areas, cybersecurity risks and digital illiteracy hinder adoption. While fintech firms have expanded payment and lending services, many SMEs particularly in agriculture and rural commerce remain underserved. Without inclusive digital infrastructure, the benefits of financial innovation will remain unevenly distributed.
Equity financing remains underdeveloped for Nigerian SMEs. Venture capital and private equity largely focus on technology-driven startups, leaving traditional SMEs in manufacturing, agriculture, trade, and services with limited options. Capital markets are effectively inaccessible to small businesses due to scale, regulatory requirements, and cost. As a result, SMEs remain over-reliant on debt, increasing vulnerability during economic downturns.
In conclusion, as Nigeria moves into the latter half of the decade, the challenges facing SMEs along the financial value chain will increasingly determine the country’s economic trajectory. Without deliberate reforms, SMEs will remain constrained by expensive credit, weak risk-management tools, policy uncertainty and fragmented financial services. Addressing these challenges requires coordinated action: stronger credit infrastructure, policy consistency, SME-focused financial innovation, improved financial literacy and incentives for long-term capital formation. A more integrated and inclusive financial value chain will not only unlock SME growth but also strengthen Nigeria’s economic resilience in an increasingly uncertain global environment.
